☀️ Thermal Radiation & Heat Transfer
Heat Flux Density Converter
Convert thermal energy flow per unit area ($q'' = \dot{Q}/A$) between $\text{W/m}^2$, $\text{kW/m}^2$, $\text{BTU/(hr}\cdot\text{ft}^2)$, $\text{cal/(s}\cdot\text{cm}^2)$, and solar irradiance.
🛰️ Solar Constant (1,361 W/m²)
☀️ Peak Sun (1,000 W/m²)
👤 Human Body (60 W/m²)
🚀 Heat Shield (50 kW/m²)
Input Heat Flux
Standard Imperial Heat Flux
317.0 BTU/(hr·ft²)
Watts / m²
1,000 W/m²
cal / (s·cm²)
0.02388
Langley / min
1.433 Ly/min
💡 Heat Flux Relationship:
1 kW/m² = 1,000 W/m² = 317.0 BTU/(hr·ft²) = 0.02388 cal/(s·cm²) = 1.433 Langley/min
Heat Flux Density Principles
Heat flux density ($q''$) represents the rate of thermal energy transfer per unit cross-sectional area:
- Definition: $$q'' = \frac{\dot{Q}}{A}$$
- Conduction Flux: $$q''_{\text{cond}} = -k \frac{dT}{dx}$$
- Radiation Flux: $$q''_{\text{rad}} = \epsilon \sigma T^4$$
- Conversion Factor: $1\text{ BTU/(hr}\cdot\text{ft}^2) = 3.15459\text{ W/m}^2$.