📡 Telecommunications & Digital Modulation
Baud vs Bitrate Converter
Convert symbol rate ($\text{Baud}$) to actual channel transmission bitrate ($\text{bps}, \text{kbps}, \text{Mbps}$) using QAM, PSK, and FSK digital constellations.
📟 RS-232 (9600 Bd)
🤖 UART (115.2 kBd)
📱 4G 64-QAM (168 Mbps)
📶 Wi-Fi 6 (1024-QAM)
🚀 Wi-Fi 7 (4096-QAM)
Symbol & Modulation Parameters
Effective Data Bitrate
9.600 kbps
Bitrate (bps)
9,600 bps
Bitrate (Mbps)
0.0096 Mbps
Byte Rate (KB/s)
1.200 KB/s
💡 Digital Modulation Formula:
$$R = S \cdot N = S \cdot \log_2(M) \implies \text{Bitrate (bps)} = \text{Baud} \times \text{Bits/Symbol}$$
Understanding Baud Rate vs Bit Rate
In telecommunications, Baud and bps are often confused, but they measure fundamentally different properties:
- Baud Rate ($S$): The number of signal changes (symbol transitions) transmitted per second.
- Bit Rate ($R$): The actual number of information bits delivered per second: $$R = S \times N$$ where $N = \log_2(M)$ is the number of bits encoded into each constellation state.
- When are Baud and bps Equal? Only in basic binary systems (like standard RS-232 UART or Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK) where each symbol represents exactly 1 bit ($0$ or $1$).