🏔️ Clausius-Clapeyron Thermodynamics
Boiling Point at Altitude & Pressure Calculator
Calculate the depression of water's boiling point as a function of geographic elevation or barometric pressure using the barometric formula and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
🏖️ Sea Level (0 ft)
🏔️ Denver, CO (5,280 ft)
🇲🇽 Mexico City (7,350 ft)
🇧🇴 La Paz (11,975 ft)
🧗 Mt. Everest (29,029 ft)
Elevation & Pressure
Water Boiling Point at Elevation
94.9 °C (202.8 °F)
Atmospheric Pressure
0.821 atm
Air Density ($\rho$)
1.03 kg/m³
Cooking Time Factor
+20% Longer
💡 Culinary & Scientific Impact:
Because water boils at 94.9 °C in Denver, foods cooked in boiling water (such as pasta, beans, and potatoes) take significantly longer to cook due to lower maximum thermal transfer.
The Clausius-Clapeyron Relation
The temperature dependence of liquid vapor pressure is described by:
$$\ln\left(\frac{P}{P_0}\right) = -\frac{\Delta H_{\text{vap}}}{R} \left(\frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{T_0}\right) \implies T_b = \left(\frac{1}{T_0} - \frac{R \ln(P / P_0)}{\Delta H_{\text{vap}}}\right)^{-1}$$
- Standard Sea Level: $T_0 = 373.15\text{ K}$ ($100^\circ\text{C}$), $P_0 = 101.325\text{ kPa}$ ($1\text{ atm}$).
- Enthalpy of Vaporization ($\Delta H_{\text{vap}}$): $40.66\text{ kJ/mol}$ for liquid water.